Govt issues draft notification on norms to curb pollution by textile units

The government has issued a draft notification on norm to control the massive pollution caused by the textile industry wherein it has directed it to adhere to the ‘Zero Liquid Discharge’ (ZLD) norms which essentially means that a factory recycles all effluents and doesn’t release even a drop into the environment.

But a closer study reveals that it could do more harm than good, to both the industry and the environment. Perhaps, this is a consequence of the environment ministry’s zeal to get quick results. Not surprisingly, even before the policy gets legal standing, it’s facing strong criticism.

According to the draft notification, all textile units – dyers, cotton or wool processors, integrated factories – that generate over 25 kilo litre effluents daily must install Zero Liquid Discharge effluent treatment plants.

Water recycled by these plants will be reused. The units won’t be allowed to draw groundwater except to make up for the shortfall and for drinking, as assessed by the respective State Pollution Control Board or the Pollution Control Committee.

After the notification is approved, the units will have 30 months to set up the treatment plants. They won’t be allowed to operate if they fail to comply. The units that already have effluent treatment plants will be required to make them ZLD compliant. Until upgraded to ZLD, the existing treatment plants will follow the “effluent discharge standards as specified in the Environment Protection Rules, 1986”.

As per the government there is a strong need for ZLD as the textile industry is a heavy polluter, so much so the courts have had to close some factories, including at Vapi in Gujarat and on the banks of Noyyal river in Tamil Nadu in 2011.

Mostly, the pollution is caused by untreated or partially-treated effluents from the units released into streams, rivers, oceans. It destroys the water quality of these water bodies and also contaminates aquifers.

Gujarat’s Vapi Industrial Area, which comprised 22 textile units, for example, all but destroyed the area’s ecosystem before it was closed down in 2011.

Several NGOs are waging legal battles to stop the industry from polluting their environs. Vanashakti, for example, is fighting a case in the National Green Tribunal to stop pollution of Ulhasand and Waldhuni rivers near Mumbai.

The draft notification is seen as the first serious first step in cleaning up the mess created by the textile industry. The draft policy is meant to force the textile industry to clean up its act, “Zero Liquid Discharge” implying a complete stop to the release of any pollutants. That isn’t quite the case. Even when effluents are treated in a ZLD plant, sludge remains, and it needs to be dumped.

Currently, the industry is mandated to treat the effluent so that its “pollution load” is within prescribed limits and then releases it all, including the sludge, into the ocean. The sludge generated by the ZLD process, however, will be too concentrated to release in this way. So, it has to be dumped in the traditional manner.

According to a broad estimate, a textile unit that generates 100 tonnes of effluents will end up generating 500 tonnes if they cut the COD down to 200mg/litre. COD, or Chemical Oxygen Demand, is a measure of water pollution.

According to Rajesh Gajra, an environmental consultant with expertise in setting up effluent treatment plants, this will create the issue of dumping the sludge. In Dombivli Industrial Area near Mumbai, there are around 400 textile units. One can imagine how much sludge they will generate and where would it all be dumped?.

The big question arises is how will the government handle dumping of this sludge when it’s struggling with municipal solid waste management.
Moreover, Gajra added that the lichet will percolate through the ground from the heaps of sludge, wherever it’s dumped, will contaminate aquifers.
This means the very purpose of ZLD policy will be defeated.

That’s not all. If all units go the ZLD way, it will be nothing less than a disaster, Gajra said. It’s a high power-consuming process. The amount of power required isn’t currently available. So, the government will either have to enhance power generation or ask the factories to set up captive power plants. If the latter is agreed upon, everyone will go for a thermal power plant. With such a large number of textile units in the country, just imagine the amount of carbon emissions.

According to Stalin D, project director of Vanashakti, instead of going into the depth of the issue, the government has issued this draft notification in haste. However, it’s an attempt by the government to project itself as a forerunner in combating climate change. But the notification in its current form will never serve the purpose.

It’s vital for the industry’s health that the government gives a second thought to the policy. If the policy is implemented, firstly the industry is likely to suffer financially as the ZLD system is very costly. Small and medium scale industries can’t afford it even if they go for a common facility. So, they will have to down their shutters, said the director of a textile company based in Ahmedabad. As a result, the Indian textile market will be thrown open to the Chinese.

According to the director of a textile factory in Mumbai, who did not want to be named for fear of reprisal, the government should encourage bio-remedial procedures widely being used in Israel – a more sustainable practice of treating effluents using multiple plants – will not only completely treat the effluents, but also create good landscapes in industrial clusters instead of coming out with these high-headed policies, the government should strictly implement existing rules and encourage bio-remedial procedures.